To Lower or Not to Lower the Legal Drinking Age to 18,...

Every year thousands of young adults attend college with the hope of expanding their career opportunities, but are these young adults doing more than studying and homework? A new study suggests that binge drinking is on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not solve the binge drinking problem among college students but will cause more problems. In this paper I will explain the reason why lowering the drinking age will not stop binge drinking and the adverse effects this could have. Students who begin†¦show more content†¦Because drinking affects the mind, suicide among young adults would increase ( Alcantara 468). Lowering the drinking age will increase peer pressure to consume more alcohol and lead to binge drinking. College provides the perfect environment for peer pressure. Often times having fun at college means alcohol will be involved. It can be hard not to fall in that trap of wanting to fit in when your roommate and buddies are drinking. â€Å"Peer effects on binge drinking are robust, regardless of gender and prior drinking† (Eisenberg n.p.). Peer pressure can not only affect 18 year old college students but younger students as well. Peer pressure may lead to the selling of alcohol to students younger than 18. 18 year olds could very easily buy alcohol for a younger student (Alcantara 468). Younger peers would have more success with a fake idea for 18 than 21(Alcantara 468). The number of young binge drinkers would increase because of easier access. â€Å"Alcohol is one for the most used and abused drugs among teenagers in the U.S.†(Alcantara). Lowering the drinking age will not prevent binge drinking because people who are of age are prone to binge drinking. College students are not the only drinkers who binge (Evensen 465). Up to 70 percent of excessive drinking episodes happen among those 26 and older, this age is sixShow MoreRelatedWhy Lowering The Drinking Age Is A Good Idea?. Lowering1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Drinking Age is a Good Idea? Lowering the drinking age to 18 in the United States has been a source of controversy in recent years. It has been a controversial topic because many people disagree, while many agree with the topic. For example, the people who disagree and are against lowering the drinking age to 18 believe we should not lower the drinking age because 18 year old individuals are not responsible enough to drink alcohol. While, the people who agree we should lower the drinking ageRead MoreDrinking Age Annotated Bibliography Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesChange the Age to Save the Lives The legal drinking age in the United States is the only age that is above 19 years of age. Everywhere else in the world the age is 19 and under and some countries don’t even have a drinking age. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because it will help all the problems that come with underage drinking. There is a numerous amount of reasons to change the drinking age to 18 and there are also many opposing thoughts on it as well. Three reasons to lower the drinkingRead MoreKeeping the Minimum Legal Drinking Age1283 Words   |  6 Pagesconducting an idea to whether lower the minimum legal drinking age in the United States or not. Many Americans forbid the idea of legalizing the drinking age so that it would be profitable to the businesses. Likewise, there have been many advantages and disadvantages of why should the government allow young adults drink under the age of 21. To prevent this issue, many Americans have provided reasoning that will support the idea of keeping th e minimum legal drinking age where it is now. The governmentRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be 18 Essay677 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Did you know that in the year 1980 the legal drinking age was only 18? In 1987 there was a law passed that said in order to drink legally and to buy alcohol a person had to be 21. At the age of 18 people are allowed to buy tobacco, vote, get married without parental consent, and even join the armed forces, so why can’t some one who is 18 by alcohol. This is a question I have; I believe that the legal drinking age should be 18. Dr. Ruth Engs, a professor of Applied Heath Sciences atRead More Lowering the Legal Minimum Drinking Age Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunderage drinking has become a major problem, especially on college campuses. But, underage drinking is not purely the root of all accidents related to alcohol. The real problem lies within the unsafe underage drinking habits amongst youth. There are ways that these alcohol-related accidents can be avoided. Several organizations have been created that are targeting a change in the legal drinking age laws. One key way to lower the risk of unsafe drinking is to lower the minimum legal drinking age fromRead More The Drinking Age Should NOT Be Lowered Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesminimum legal drinking age. Choose Responsibility, a group founded by John McCardell, proposes that upon completion of a 40 hour course to educate young people about alcohol, 18, 19, and 20 year old people should be licensed to drink. The Amethyst Initiative, part of Choose Responsibility, is a petition to Congress to rethink the minimum legal drinking age. Several college leaders have signed this petition in the belief that lowering the minimum legal drinking age will reduce binge drinking on collegeRead MoreIs it Right to Lower the Drinking Age?1070 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen an underlying issue. My question is, â€Å"Why should we lower the legal drinking ag e†? Current proposals to lower the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would have some benefits like increasing revenue for bars and liquor stores. However the risks surpass the benefits. Many people think that if you’re 18 you’re portrayed as an adult, you’re old enough to serve your country, vote, and make your own decisions. In some cases this could be true, but lowering the drinking age would be way too risky for themselvesRead MoreEssay on Stakeholder Analyses for Us Drinking Age986 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States already know, the national minimum age for purchasing alcohol is twenty-one. However, prior to the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, some states lowered the drinking age below 21 (mainly as a result of the lowered voting age). The Drinking Age Act was put into place as a result of a correlation between young drinking and motor vehicle fatalities. Under the provisions of the Act, any states with a minimum drinking age below 21 a re subject to a 10% cut in highway fundingRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1211 Words   |  5 Pages Some people find it hard to understand that at the age of eighteen you can fight and die for your country, but you cannot legally drink or purchase alcoholic beverages. Others find it hard to believe that there are people who want people under the age of twenty-one drinking. The important question is: should the drinking age be lowered to eighteen instead of remaining at twenty-one? The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can consume or purchase alcohol. These laws cover a wide rangeRead MoreMandatory Legal Drinking Age Should Be Banned982 Words   |  4 Pagesaround 12,000 years. The MLDA didn’t always used to be set at 21. In the late 60s states began to lower their MLDA, although this resulted in many deaths alcohol related. President Reagan signed off a law saying that the MLDA (Minimum legal drinking age) must be at 21. This was proven to be safer and reduced number of alcohol related deaths. There are many debates that argue whether or not we should lower our MLDA in the US. The MLDA should stay at 21. There are many reasons supporting this such as

Synthesis and Characterization of Pb(S, Se)Thin Films.

Studies on chemically deposited Pb(S,Se) thin films J. D. Chaudhari *, R.D. Chaudhari * *, Dr. R. H. Bari + Department of Physics, G. D. M. Arts, K. R. N. Commerce M. D. Science College, Jamner.Pin – 424 206 Abstract : Thin films of Pb(S,Se) [lead sulfoselenide] have been prepared on glass substrate at 50 °C by simple chemical bath deposition technique. The starting materials used for deposition were lead acetate, tri-sodium citrate, sodium sulphite and elemental selenium. Ammonium hydroxide solution was used to adjust pH of the bath. In order to obtain good quality thin films, time, deposition temperature and pH of the solution were optimized and they are found to be 1 hour, 50 °C and 10 respectively. Characterization†¦show more content†¦Zemel, Solid State Surf Sci., 1 (1969) 291. 2 T.C. Harman and I. Melngailis, Appl. SolidState Sci., 4 (1974) 1. 3 H. Prier, Appl. Phys., 20 (1979) 189. 4 R.B. Schoolar, J. D. Jenson and G. M. Black, Appl. Phys. Lett., 31 (1977) 536, 620. 5 R.B.Schoolar,J.D.Jenson,G.M.Black S.Foti andA.C.Bouley,InfraredPhys.,20(1980)271. 6 S. Fujita, H. Ozaki, T. Shiosaki and A. Kawabate, J. Vac. Soc. Jpn., 20 (1977) 412. 7 A. Lopez-Otero, Thin Solid Films, 49(1978) 1.LETTERS L47 8 R.F. Bis, A. Rodolakis and J. N. Zemel, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 36 (1965) 1626. 9 J.D. Jenson and R. B. Schoolar, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 13 (1976) 920. 10 M. Bleicher, H. D. Wurziuger, H. Mainer and H. Prier, J. Mater. Sci., 12 (1977) 317. 11 B.B. Nayak, H.N. AcharyaandG. B. Mitra, Bull. Mater. Sci.,3(1981)317. 12 N.C. Sharma, D. K. Pandya, H. K. Seghal and K. L. Chopra, Mater. Res. Bull., 11 (1976) 1109.Show MoreRelatedSynthesis and Characterization of Pb(S, Se)Thin Films.1044 Words   |  5 PagesStudies on chemically deposited Pb(S,Se) thin films J. D. Chaudhari *, R.D. Chaudhari * *, Dr. R. H. Bari + Department of Physics, G. D. M. Arts, K. R. N. Commerce M. D. Science College, Jamner.Pin – 424 206 Abstract : Thin films of Pb(S,Se) [lead sulfoselenide] have been prepared on glass substrate at 50 °C by simple chemical bath deposition technique. The starting materials used for deposition were lead acetate, tri-sodium citrate, sodium sulphite and elemental selenium

PG Swot Analysis free essay sample

About the Consumer Products Industry Nondurable consumer products or consumables companies develop and manufacture a variety of household items that have a limited life span, usually three years or less. The industry can be segmented into household products and personal care products. Household products include: soaps and other detergents, such as laundry detergents and bleaches; polishes and sanitation goods; and other cleansing agents. Personal care products consist of : personal cleaning products such as toothpastes, shampoos, bar soaps and body washes; health and beauty aids, including cosmetics, fragrances and over the counter medications; and diapers and feminine hygiene products. Other items range from cat litter to automotive additives. The top worldwide producers include Procter and Gamble, Kimberly Clark, Unilever, Colgate-Palmolive, Church and Dwight, Clorox, and Ecolab. Industry Trends and How It Operates Given the low growth rates of population and household formations in the developed nations, it has become more difficult for consumer product manufacturers to achieve significant sales gains. In the graph above, the percentage of nondurable goods to personal income fluctuates around 25% but there is no significant change between months. In addition, consumer product companies are faced with intense competition and higher commodities costs. For example, rising oil and natural gas prices are key concerns since they serve companies directly as an energy source or indirectly such as resin (a substance used to create plastics). In response, household and personal care product companies are making efforts to stimulate sales in varying ways, such as entering new markets, creating new products categories, strengthening a strong brand image, acquiring businesses, targeting baby boomers, and spending on advertising. Because of these efforts, the industry should continue to consolidate, and consumers will likely see more product choices at more points of purchase. Entering New Markets With established US and western European markets reaching saturation, manufacturers are actively pursuing growth overseas. Companies in this sector are investing heavily in developing and emerging markets in China, Central and Eastern Europe and India, where recent trends in economic and population growth bode well for home and personal care products consumption. In many of these countries, increases in gross domestic income and population are outpacing those of the United States and Western Europe. The economic outlook for these regions is positive. The World Bank forecasts that over the next several years emerging European markets, China, and India will see GDP growth rates of 5. 0%, 7. % and 6. 2% respectively. Manufacturers have shifted their attention away from Latin American countries – at least for now – as a result of weak economic growth in those countries. Creating New Product Categories Given the maturity of the household nondurables industry, new product development is a key driver of a company’s future sales growth. New products evolve largely through the efforts of a co mpany’s Research and Development, in conjunction with its marketing division. To remain competitive, companies need to develop a continuous stream of new, value-added products. In any given year thousands of new products in all categories inundate the market. However, only 15% of new products in any given year reach their business objectives; the rest are withdrawn from the market. Another benefit, from the manufacturer’s point of view, is that successful new products typically carry higher profit margins than established items. Their special qualities, which manufacturers tout, are designed to appeal to a target market, and consumers are willing to spend more to obtain the real or perceived value added. The costs of new product development vary greatly, depending partly on how revolutionary the product is or how ambitious the launch program may be. Unique formulas, revised ingredients, packaging innovations, changes at the consumer level, or a combination of these factors can drive new products. There are four main categories of new product development: All new products â€Å"New and improved† products Product line extensions Changes at the consumer level Strengthening a Strong Brand Image For a manufacturer, product mix- the type and quantity of merchandise it sells- is a critical factoring the company’s success, even its survival. Because products sometimes appear to be indistinguishable from one another, a company’s main objective is to develop brands that are well recognized by consumers. The ultimate goal is to attain a leading market share in a category that has an expanding customer base. Brand Power: For both household and personal care product manufacturers, having a brand with a leading market share is a key competitive advantage. A strong brand fosters consumer loyalty, which in turn creates the opportunity for additional market share growth and above-average pricing flexibility. One good example is PG’s Tide laundry detergent. Despite a selling price above that of many other brands and the entry of Wal-Mart stores Inc. ’s private-label product, Tide continues to strengthen its No. 1 position in US laundry detergent sales. Market Share Advantage: Having a product with a leading market share is important for several reasons. First, the higher a company’s market share, the more power it will have with retailers. This helps ensure that it products are given prime shelf space. Second, if a product is in high demand, the company will be able to produce it in large volumes, resulting in manufacturing and distribution efficiencies. Third, a substantial market share translates into more sales dollars, which the company can use for additional advertising and promotional spending to further support the brand. Product Mix: The nature and quality of a company’s product line affects the bottom line. For instance, personal products tend to carry higher profit margins than household goods. Consumers tend to be less willing to experiment with lower quality toothpaste or cosmetics than with cut-rate floor cleaner or bleach. However, a low-price product may still be quite profitable it sells in large volumes. Breadth of brands: Within each category that a consumer product company offers, a number of brand names are generally available at different price points to appeal to customers of every income level. For example, PG offers several different laundry detergents, including Tide, Bold and Cheer. Acquiring Businesses Acquisitions of firms tend to be less frequent than other industries due to companies tending to be very independent of one another. More recently, the nondurable consumer products industry have seen the value of acquiring related companies that can add to their bottom line and remain competitive. One example is Clorox which purchased First Brands, the maker of kitty litter, Glad plastics, and STP motor oil, and become the leader in all three categories. 1 Targeting Baby Boomers A driving force behind manufacturers’ creation of new products has been the aging US population. Many new products clearly target baby boomers. According to marketers, these individuals are keenly sensitive about their looks. Thus, skin care and hair coloring are two categories that have shown strong sales increases over the past several years. Advertising The success of a consumer product often depends on advertising and marketing budget allotted to it. Getting the consumers to accept a completely new product is particularly difficult; it takes tremendous amount of advertising to gain a potential customer’s awareness. PG is a dominant global marketer, spending approximately $5. 9 Billion on worldwide television, print, radio and internet advertising in 2005. About Procter Gamble The Procter Gamble Company was founded by William Procter and James Gamble in 1837, and is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. It manufactures and markets various consumer products worldwide.

Vietnamese Nationalism free essay sample

Ho Chi Minh never intended to have a revolutionary war as his first solution to the increasing hardships against his fellow countrymen. Instead he asked the French peacefully for these freedoms. France’s colonial stubbornness refused to answer Minh’s wishes and as a result relations intensified to out of control and boiled over to say the least. After years of being put on the back burner by world powers who opposed colonialism, including the US, the Vietnamese nationalists fighting for self-determination turned towards revolution. The ignorance and underestimation shown towards the Vietnamese ultimately was the catalyst that spurred on the future wars against France and eventually the United States. In 1919, after the Entente powers, Russia, France and England, toppled the Central powers, Italy, Germany, and Austria, in the Great War. The Versailles Peace Conference was held in France, and at the conference President Wilson promoted anti-colonialism. Woodrow Wilson identified the US with the goal of self-determination for all nations, and during World War II President Franklin D. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnamese Nationalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Roosevelt was equally eloquent on the rights of the colonial people to their independence. These notions led nationalists around the world to believe that the US would be willing to aid revolutions for independence. Ho Chi Minh, known as Nguyen Ai Quoc during the time of the conference saw this as an opportunity to appeal to not just Wilson but to the other victorious sympathizers who promoted both freedom and justice. He humbly stated that although he respects the French, they have been wildly oppressive to the people native to French Indochina. He simply asked for basic rights such as political freedom, freedom of speech, education and assembly and Annamite representation in the French Parliament. Minh went on to close his claims by stating: â€Å"The Annamite people, in presenting these claims, count on the worldwide justice of all the Powers, and rely in particular on the goodwill of the noble French people who hold our destiny in their hands and who, as France is a republic, have taken us under their protection. In requesting the protection of the French people, the people of Annam, far from feeling humiliated, on the contrary consider themselves honored, because they know that the French people stand for liberty and justice and will never renounce their sublime ideal of universal brotherhood. Consequently, in giving heed to the voice of the oppressed, the French people will be doing their duty to France and to humanity. † America along with its allies understood Ho Chi Minh’s grievances, however their priority at the time was to help aid and rebuild the decimated lands and economies of Europe, including France. Since, the French lost their colony of Saint Domingue (current day Haiti) in 1804, no colony has ever been so profitable to France. If France was to be aided and rebuilt after World War I the last thing the country needed was to loose Indochina and all of its precious resources. This ignorance shown by the world powers was reiterated by Nguyen Thai Hoc in his letter to the French Chamber of Deputies. â€Å"Accommodation and compromise gave way to revolutionary nationalism in the 1920s as a result of Vietnamese anger over continued economic exploitation and political repression. † There was no doubt that the tensions within Vietnam were building and that options for compromise were quickly threatened. During the 1920s Ho Chi Minh was heavily involved with the French Socialist Party and was fascinated with the communist teachings of Vladimir Lenin of the newly formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Minh believed in the general welfare of citizens and the equal distribution of land, wealth and power to working people. Although he tried on numerous occasions to peacefully avoid conflict he understood that a revolution was imminent. Although he was a communist, being a nationalist was his main priority above all other titles. In his 1960 book The Path That Led Me to Leninism, Minh states that, â€Å"If you do not condemn colonialism, if you do not side with the colonial people, what kind of revolution are you waging? People began to agree with his anti-colonial rhetoric and turned towards Minh’s political views. Over the next few decades, Ho Chi Minh gathered a communist following by many of the people in Vietnam. More and more Vietnamese began to side with his political and economic agendas. For too long the land lords and the aristocracy have dictated the way of life in French Indochina and Minh wanted to do away with the old system. It is important however to understand that not all Vietnamese nationalists sided with the communists. Tran Van Don a General of the French-sponsored army of Vietnam was an adamant nationalist but anti-communist. In his autobiography he articulated how the French demonized Vietnamese nationalists as communists. â€Å"Shortly after the First World War, the French came to see our political opposition to the colonial regime as a manifestation of communism. Some of our nationalist leaders, myself included, tried to work with the west towards Vietnamese independence†¦if we failed to agree with them we were either communists or neutralists, while to the other side, by cooperating, we became puppets. Although, there were differences between a nationalist and a communist the goal for both, for most part, were similar. Ho Chi Minh amassed a huge following of ideological communists, modern nationalists and Vietnamese patriots. All groups had different ways of achieving their goals but one constant between each group is that they desired an independent Vietnam. After World War II Viet Minh forces led by Ho Chi Minh marched into Hanoi and took control. On September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. He admired America and its very own struggle against colonialism. He also strongly agreed with both the United States Declaration of Independence and The Declaration of the French Revolution. In his speech to the Vietnamese people he quoted both documents and reaffirmed that â€Å"All the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free. † Like the founding fathers of the US, he believed in these undeniable and unalienable truths. Even though Vietnam’s declaration was made, the French refused to let go of their colony resulting in warfare. In a letter to his one of his OSS liaison officers, Minh expressed his hopes for post-World War II American aid for his cause. â€Å"The war is finished. It is good for everybody. I feel only sorry that all our American friends have to leave us so soon. And their leaving this country means that relations between you and us will be more difficult. The war is won. But we small and subject countries have no share, or very small share, in the victory of freedom and democracy. Probably, if we want to get a sufficient share, we have still to fight. I believe that your sympathy and the sympathy of the great American people will always be with us. † Ho Chi Minh wrote approximately eight letters to President Harry S. Truman hoping to gain American support against the French however there was no response until 1948. The United States negated their policy promoting self-determination because they viewed Minh as more of a communist than an anti-colonial nationalist. The priority of the State Department was to commit itself economically to France and Europe in the aftermath of World War II. The United States needed to be strong in it’s Cold War standoff with the Soviet Union and helping a communist regime in Vietnam would contradict helping a democratic and capitalist France. With the United States no longer being a feasible option for Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh ultimately turned towards the Soviet Union and China for help. With the stage set, the Cold War eventually found the battlegrounds of Vietnam to play out on. From the 1940s to the 1960s America became increasingly involved in Indochinese affairs culminating into war in 1965. The ignorance shown toward Vietnamese self-determining demands led to the demise of French rule and the eventual American involvement through combat. Ho Chi Minh along with other Vietnamese nationalists attempted on numerous occasions to prevent conflict but in the end war was what had to decide the fate of Vietnam because of the stubbornness of French colonialism and the contradicting priorities of the United States of America. With the proper cooperation and understanding of Vietnamese wishes for freedom, the tragedy of warfare could have surely been avoided.